ʻO ka hoʻomohala ʻana o nā pā lithium

Hiki ke hoʻomaka ke kumu o ka pākaukau me ka loaʻa ʻana o ka ʻōmole Leiden. ʻO ka ʻōmole Leiden i hana mua ʻia e ka ʻepekema Dutch ʻo Pieter van Musschenbroek i ka makahiki 1745. ʻO ka pahu Leyden kahi mea capacitor primitive. He ʻelua ʻāpana metala i hoʻokaʻawale ʻia e kahi insulator. Hoʻohana ʻia ke koʻokoʻo metala ma luna e mālama a hoʻokuʻu i ka uku. Ke hoʻopā ʻoe i ke koʻokoʻo Ke hoʻohana ʻia ka pōpō metala, hiki i ka ʻōmole Leiden ke mālama a wehe paha i ka ikehu uila i loko, a maʻalahi kāna kumu a me kāna hoʻomākaukau ʻana. Hiki i nā mea makemake ke hana iā lākou iho ma ka home, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o kāna ʻano hoʻokuʻu ponoʻī ma muli o kāna alakaʻi maʻalahi. ʻO ka maʻamau, e hoʻopau ʻia ka uila a pau i loko o kekahi mau hola a i kekahi mau lā. Eia naʻe, ʻo ka puka ʻana o ka ʻōmole Leiden e hōʻailona i kahi pae hou i ka noiʻi ʻana i ka uila.

I ka makahiki 1790, ua ʻike ka ʻepekema ʻItalia ʻo Luigi Galvani i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka zinc a me nā uea keleawe e hoʻopili ai i nā wāwae rana a ua ʻike ʻo ia e wili nā wāwae rana, no laila ua manaʻo ʻo ia i ka manaʻo o "bioelectricity." ʻO kēia mea i ʻike ʻia i hoʻomaka ai ka ʻepekema Italia ʻo Alessandro e ʻā. ʻO ke kūʻē ʻana a Volta, manaʻo ʻo Volta ʻo ka ʻāwili ʻana o nā wāwae o ka rana no ke au uila i hana ʻia e ka metala ma mua o ke au uila ma ka rana. No ka hōʻole ʻana i ka manaʻo o Galvani, hāʻawi ʻo Volta i kāna Volta Stack kaulana. Aia i loko o ka puʻu voltaic ka zinc a me nā ʻāpana keleawe me ka pahu pahu i hoʻomoʻi ʻia i ka wai paʻakai ma waena. ʻO kēia ka prototype o kahi pākahiko kemika i manaʻo ʻia.
ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike electrode o kahi cell voltaic:

electrode maikaʻi: 2H^++2e^-→H_2

ʻino ʻole: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-

I ka makahiki 1836, ua hoʻokumu ka mea ʻepekema Pelekane ʻo John Frederic Daniell i ka pākaukau ʻo Daniel e hoʻoponopono i ka pilikia o nā ʻōhū ea i loko o ka pā. Loaʻa i ka pākaukau ʻo Daniel ke ʻano mua o kahi pākini kemika hou. Aia i ʻelua ʻāpana. Hoʻokomo ʻia ka ʻāpana maikaʻi i loko o kahi hopena keleawe sulfate. ʻO ka ʻāpana ʻē aʻe o ke keleawe he zinc i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o kahi solution zinc sulfate. Ua hoʻopiha ʻia ka pākaukau Daniel mua me ka solution copper sulfate i loko o ka ipu keleawe a hoʻokomo ʻia kahi pahu cylindrical ceramic porous i waenakonu. I loko o kēia ipu seramika, aia kahi koʻokoʻo zinc a me ka zinc sulfate e like me ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole. I ka hoʻonā, nā puka liʻiliʻi i loko o ka ipu seramika e ʻae i nā kī ʻelua e hoʻololi i nā ion. Hoʻohana ka nui o nā ʻōhua Daniel hou i nā alahaka paʻakai a i ʻole nā ​​membrane semi-permeable e hoʻokō i kēia hopena. Ua hoʻohana ʻia nā pihi Daniel ma ke ʻano he kumu mana no ka pūnaewele telegraph a hiki i ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā pila maloʻo iā lākou.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike electrode reaction o ka pākaukau Daniel:

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi: 〖Cu〗^(2+)+2e^-→Cu

ʻino ʻole: Zn→〖Zn〗^(2+)+2e^-

I kēia manawa, ua hoʻoholo ʻia ke ʻano mua o ka pākaukau, ʻo ia hoʻi ka electrode maikaʻi, ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole, a me ka electrolyte. Ma ia kumu, ua ulu wikiwiki nā pākaukau i nā makahiki 100 e hiki mai ana. Nui nā ʻōnaehana pākaukau hou i ʻike ʻia, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea ʻepekema Farani ʻo Gaston Planté i hoʻokumu i nā ʻokoʻa lead-acid i ka makahiki 1856. ʻO nā pākaʻi Lead-acid. nā kaʻa. Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia ma ke ʻano he mana hoʻihoʻi no kekahi mau haukapila a me nā kahua kahua. ʻO ka nui o nā pāʻani kepau-acid i ke alakaʻi, ke alakaʻi dioxide, a me ka sulfuric acid solution, a hiki i kā lākou volta ke hiki i ka 2V. ʻOiai i kēia wā hou, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia nā pākī lead-acid ma muli o kā lākou ʻenehana makua, nā kumukūʻai haʻahaʻa, a me nā ʻōnaehana wai palekana.

ʻO ka hoʻohālikelike hoʻohālikelike electrode o ka pākaukau lead-acid:

Positive electrode: PbO_2+〖SO〗_4^(2-)+4H^++2e^-→Pb〖SO〗_4+2H_2 O

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole: Pb+〖SO〗_4^(2-)→Pb〖SO〗_4+2e^-

ʻO ka pākaukau nickel-cadmium, i haku ʻia e ka mea ʻepekema Suedena ʻo Waldemar Jungner i ka makahiki 1899, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea uila uila liʻiliʻi, e like me nā walkmans mua, ma muli o kona kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe o ka ikehu ma mua o nā ʻanuʻu lead-acid. E like me nā ʻakika lead-acid. Ua hoʻohana nui ʻia nā ʻeke Nickel-cadmium mai ka makahiki 1990, akā ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ko lākou ʻawaʻawa, a ʻo ka pākaukau ponoʻī he hopena hoʻomanaʻo. ʻO ia ke kumu i lohe pinepine ai mākou i ka ʻōlelo ʻana o kekahi poʻe ʻelemakule, pono e hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka pākaukau ma mua o ka hoʻopiha ʻana a e hoʻohaumia ʻia ka ʻāina i nā pila ʻōpala, a pēlā aku. (E hoʻomanaʻo i ka nui o nā mea ʻawaʻawa a ʻaʻole pono e hoʻolei ʻia ma nā wahi āpau, akā, ʻaʻohe pono hoʻomanaʻo i nā pā lithium o kēia manawa, a ʻo ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana he mea pōʻino i ke ola pila. E loli ke kū'ē o loko me ka mahana, hiki ke hōʻeha ʻia ma muli o ke kahe nui ʻana i ka wā e hoʻouka ai. Ua hoʻopau liʻiliʻi ʻia nā pākahi Nickel-hydrogen ma kahi o 2005. I kēia manawa, ʻike ʻole ʻia nā pihi nickel-cadmium ma ka mākeke.

Electrode reaction equation of nickel-cadmium battery:

Positive electrode: 2NiO(OH)+2H_2 O+2e^-→2OH^-+2Ni〖(OH)〗_2

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole: Cd+2OH^-→Cd〖(OH)〗_2+2e^-

ʻO ke kahua pākaukau metala Lithium

I ka makahiki 1960, ua komo ka poʻe i ke au o nā pākahi lithium.

Ua ʻike ʻia ka metala Lithium ponoʻī i ka makahiki 1817, a ua ʻike koke ka poʻe i ka hoʻohana maoli ʻia ʻana o nā waiwai kino a me nā mea kemika o ka lithium i mau mea no nā pila. He haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa (0.534g 〖cm〗^(-3)), ka mana nui (theoretical a hiki i 3860mAh g ^ (-1)), a me kona hiki haʻahaʻa (-3.04V i hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ka electrode hydrogen maʻamau). ʻaneʻane e haʻi aku kēia i ka poʻe ʻo wau ka mea electrode maikaʻi ʻole o ka pākaukau kūpono. Eia naʻe, pilikia nui ka metala lithium ponoʻī. He ʻeleu loa ia, hana ʻino me ka wai, a loaʻa i nā koi kiʻekiʻe ma ke kaiapuni hana. No laila, no ka manawa lōʻihi, nele ka poʻe me ia.

I ka makahiki 1913, ua ana ʻo Lewis lāua ʻo Keyes i ka hiki o ka electrode metala lithium. A hana ʻia kahi hoʻāʻo pākaukau me ka lithium iodide i loko o ka propylamine solution e like me ka electrolyte, ʻoiai ua hāʻule.

I ka makahiki 1958, ua ʻōlelo ʻo William Sidney Harris i kāna ʻatikala kauka ua hoʻokomo ʻo ia i ka metala lithium i loko o nā solution ester organik ʻē aʻe a nānā i ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o kahi ʻano o nā papa passivation (me ka metala lithium i loko o ka waikawa perchloric). Lithium LiClO_4

ʻO ka hanana i loko o ka PC solution o propylene carbonate, a ʻo kēia hoʻonā he ʻōnaehana electrolyte koʻikoʻi i nā pā lithium i ka wā e hiki mai ana), a ua ʻike ʻia kahi ʻano hoʻoili ion kūikawā, no laila ua hana ʻia kekahi mau hoʻokolohua electrodeposition mua ma muli o kēia. Ua alakaʻi ʻia kēia mau hoʻokolohua i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā pā lithium.

I ka makahiki 1965, ua alakaʻi ʻo NASA i kahi noiʻi hohonu e pili ana i ka hoʻouka ʻana a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i nā ʻano o nā pā Li||Cu i nā hopena PC lithium perchlorate. Nā ʻōnaehana electrolyte ʻē aʻe, me ka nānā ʻana o LiBF_4, LiI, LiAl〖Cl〗_4, LiCl, Ua hoʻāla kēia noiʻi i ka hoihoi nui i nā ʻōnaehana electrolyte organik.

I ka makahiki 1969, ua hōʻike ʻia kahi patent ua hoʻomaka kekahi e hoʻāʻo e kūʻai aku i nā ʻenekini hoʻonā organik me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka lithium, sodium, a me nā metala potassium.

I ka makahiki 1970, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Panasonic Corporation o Iapana i ka pākaukau Li‖CF_x ┤, kahi o ka ratio o x he 0.5-1. ʻO CF_x he fluorocarbon. ʻOiai he mea ʻawaʻawa loa ke kinoea fluorine, ʻo ka fluorocarbon ponoʻī he pauka keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo ʻole. Hiki ke ʻōlelo ʻia ʻo ka puka ʻana mai o Li‖CF_x ┤ ʻo ia ka pahu lithium pāʻoihana mua loa. ʻO Li‖CF_x ┤ pākahiko kahi pākahiko mua. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona hiki, ʻo ka mana theoretical ʻo 865mAh 〖Kg〗^(-1), a paʻa loa kona mana hoʻokuʻu i ka lōʻihi. No laila, paʻa ka mana a liʻiliʻi ka hanana hoʻokuʻu ponoʻī. Akā ʻaʻole hiki ke uku ʻia. No laila, ua hui pū ʻia me ka manganese dioxide e hana i nā pākahi Li‖CF_x ┤-MnO_2, i hoʻohana ʻia ma ke ʻano he mau ʻona i loko no kekahi mau mea ʻike liʻiliʻi, uaki, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ʻaʻole i hoʻopau ʻia.

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi: CF_x+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→C+xLiF

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-

I ka makahiki 1975, ua hoʻokumu ʻo Sanyo Corporation o Iapana i ka pākaukau Li‖MnO_2 ┤, i hoʻohana mua ʻia i nā calculators solar rechargeable. Hiki ke manaʻo ʻia ʻo ia ka pākaukau lithium rechargeable mua. ʻOiai ua lanakila nui kēia huahana ma Iapana i kēlā manawa, ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe i ia mau mea a ʻaʻole ʻike i kāna lithium a me ka manganese dioxide. He aha ke kumu ma hope o ka hopena?

Ma kahi kokoke i ka manawa like, ke ʻimi nei ka poʻe ʻAmelika i kahi pākaukau hiki ke hoʻohana hou ʻia, a mākou e kapa nei i kēia manawa he pākaukau lua.

Ma 1972, MBArmand (ʻaʻole i unuhi ʻia nā inoa o kekahi poʻe ʻepekema i ka hoʻomaka ʻana) i manaʻo ʻia ma kahi pepa kūkā M_(0.5) Fe〖(CN)〗_3 (kahi ʻo M he metala alkali) a me nā mea ʻē aʻe me kahi hale polū Prussian. , A ua aʻo i kāna ʻano hoʻohālikelike ion intercalation. A i ka makahiki 1973, ua aʻo ʻo J. Broadhead a me nā mea ʻē aʻe o Bell Labs i ke ʻano intercalation o ka sulfur a me ka iodine atoms i nā dichalcogenides metala. ʻO kēia mau haʻawina mua e pili ana i ka hanana intercalation ion ka mea koʻikoʻi nui no ka holomua ʻana o nā pā lithium. Ua pololei ka noiʻi kumu ma muli o kēia mau haʻawina e hiki ai i nā pā lithium-ion ma hope.

I ka makahiki 1975, ua alakaʻi ʻo Martin B. Dines o Exxon (ka mea ma mua o Exxon Mobil) i ka helu mua ʻana a me nā hoʻokolohua ma ka intercalation ma waena o ke ʻano o nā metala transition dichalcogenides a me nā metala alkali a i ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ʻo Exxon kekahi inoa ʻē aʻe ʻo Scientist MS Whittingham i hoʻopuka i kahi patent. on Li‖TiS_2 ┤ pool. A i ka makahiki 1977, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Exoon i kahi pākaukau e pili ana i ka Li-Al‖TiS_2┤, kahi e hiki ai i ka lithium alumini alloy ke hoʻomaikaʻi i ka palekana o ka pā (ʻoiai ʻoi aku ka nui o ka pilikia). Ma hope o kēlā, ua hoʻohana ʻia nā ʻōnaehana pākahi e Eveready ma ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa. Kalepa ana o ka Hui Battery a me Grace Company. Hiki i ka Li‖TiS_2 ┤ ka pākaukau lithium lua mua ma ke ʻano maoli, a ʻo ia hoʻi ka ʻōnaehana wela loa i kēlā manawa. I kēlā manawa, ʻoi aku ka nui o kona ikehu ma kahi o 2-3 mau manawa ma mua o nā pākini lead-acid.

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi: TiS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x TiS_2

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-

Ma ka manawa like, ua hoʻokumu ka ʻepekema Kanada ʻo MA Py i ka pākaukau Li‖MoS_2┤ i ka makahiki 1983, hiki ke loaʻa ka ikehu o 60-65Wh 〖Kg〗^(-1) ma 1/3C, ua like ia me Li‖TiS_2┤ pākaukau. Ma muli o kēia, i ka makahiki 1987, ua hoʻokumu ka hui Kanada ʻo Moli Energy i kahi pānaʻi lithium i kūʻai nui ʻia, i ʻimi nui ʻia ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa. He hanana koʻikoʻi kēia ma ka mōʻaukala, akā ʻo ka mea hoʻohenehene ʻo ia ke kumu o ka emi ʻana o Moli ma hope. A laila i ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki 1989, ua hoʻolaha ʻo Moli Company i kāna lua-hanauna Li‖MoS_2┤ huahana pākaukau. I ka pau ʻana o ka pūnāwai o ka makahiki 1989, ua pahū ka hua pākaukau Li‖MoS_2┤ hanauna mua a Moli a ua hoʻoulu ʻia ka hopohopo nui. I ke kauwela o ka makahiki hoʻokahi, ua hoʻomanaʻoʻia nā huahana a pau, a ua ukuʻia nā mea i loaʻa. I ka hopena o ia makahiki, ua haʻi aku ʻo Moli Energy i ka panakalupa a ua loaʻa iā NEC o Iapana i ka pūnāwai o 1990. He mea kūpono ke haʻi ʻia ua lohe ʻia ʻo Jeff Dahn, he kanaka ʻepekema Kanada i kēlā manawa, ke alakaʻi nei i ka papahana pākaukau ma Moli. ʻO ka ikehu a haʻalele no kona kūʻē ʻana i ka hoʻomau ʻia ʻana o ka papa inoa ʻo Li‖MoS_2 ┤ batteries.

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi: MoS_2+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x MoS_2

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole: Li→〖Li〗^++e^-

I kēia manawa, ua haʻalele mālie nā pākaukau metala lithium i ka maka o ka lehulehu. Hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ka wā mai 1970 a i 1980, ʻo ka noiʻi ʻana o nā ʻepekema i nā pā lithium i kālele nui ʻia i nā mea cathode. ʻO ka pahuhopu hope loa e nānā mau ʻia i ka transition metal dichalcogenides. Ma muli o kā lākou papa hana (transition metal dichalcogenides i kēia manawa i aʻo nui ʻia ma ke ʻano he ʻelua-dimensional material), ko lākou mau papa a Ua lawa nā āpau ma waena o nā papa e hoʻokomo i ka hoʻokomo ʻana o nā ion lithium. I kēlā manawa, liʻiliʻi loa ka noiʻi ʻana i nā mea anode i kēia manawa. ʻOiai ua nānā kekahi mau haʻawina i ka hoʻohui ʻana o ka metala lithium e hoʻomaikaʻi i kona kūpaʻa, ʻo ka metala lithium ponoʻī ʻaʻole paʻa a weliweli. ʻOiai ʻo ka pahū pākaukau o Moli he hanana ia i hoʻopūʻiwa i ka honua, ua nui nā hihia o ka pahū ʻana o nā ʻeke metala lithium.

Eia kekahi, ʻaʻole maopopo ka poʻe i ke kumu o ka pahū ʻana o nā pā lithium. Eia kekahi, ua manaʻo ʻia ka metala lithium i mea hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi i ka electrode ma muli o kāna mau waiwai maikaʻi. Ma hope o ka pahū ʻana o ka pā uila o Moli, ua emi ka ʻae ʻana o ka poʻe i nā ʻenekini metala lithium, a ua komo nā pā lithium i kahi wā pōʻeleʻele.

No ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi pākaukau palekana, pono nā kānaka e hoʻomaka me nā mea electrode ʻino. Eia nō naʻe, aia kekahi mau pilikia ma ʻaneʻi: he pāpaʻu ka hiki o ka metala lithium, a ʻo ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā electrodes maikaʻi ʻē aʻe e hoʻonui ai i ka pono electrode maikaʻi ʻole, a ma kēia ala, nā pā lithium E hoʻemi ʻia ka ʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa, e hōʻemi ana. ka nui o ka ikehu o ka ino. No laila, pono e ʻimi nā kānaka ʻepekema i nā mea cathode kiʻekiʻe-voltage kūpono. I ka manawa like, pono e hoʻohālikelike ka electrolyte o ka pākaukau i nā volta maikaʻi a maikaʻi ʻole a me ka paʻa o ka pōʻai. I ka manawa like, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka conductivity o ka electrolyte A ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka pale ʻana i ka wela. ʻO kēia pūʻulu nīnau i pīhoihoi i nā ʻepekema no ka manawa lōʻihi e ʻimi i kahi pane ʻoi aku ka ʻoluʻolu.

ʻO ka pilikia mua a nā kānaka ʻepekema e hoʻoponopono ai, ʻo ia ka loaʻa ʻana o kahi mea electrode palekana a pōʻino i hiki ke pani i ka metala lithium. ʻOi aku ka nui o ka hana kemika o ka metala Lithium ponoʻī, a ua paʻakikī loa ke ʻano o nā pilikia ulu dendrite i ka hoʻohana ʻana a me nā kūlana, a ʻaʻole palekana. ʻO ka Graphite ke kino nui o ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole o nā pā lithium-ion, a ua aʻo ʻia kāna noi ʻana i nā pākahi lithium e like me 1976. Ma 1976, Besenhard, JO i alakaʻi i kahi noiʻi kikoʻī e pili ana i ka synthesis electrochemical o LiC_R. Eia nō naʻe, ʻoiai ʻo ka graphite he mau waiwai maikaʻi loa (kiʻekiʻe conductivity, kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe, haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa, inertness, etc.), i kēlā manawa, ʻo ka electrolyte i hoʻohana ʻia i nā pā lithium ka mea maʻamau ka PC solution o LiClO_4 i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna. He pilikia nui ka graphite. I ka nele o ka pale, e komo pū nā molekala PC electrolyte i ka hoʻolālā graphite me ka intercalation lithium-ion, e hopena i ka emi ʻana o ka hana pōʻai. No laila, ʻaʻole makemake ʻia ka graphite e ka poʻe ʻepekema i kēlā manawa.

No ka mea cathode, ma hope o ka noiʻi ʻana i ka pae pākaukau lithium metala, ua ʻike nā ʻepekema ʻo ka lithiation anode mea ponoʻī he mea mālama lithium hoʻi me ka hoʻololi maikaʻi ʻana, e like me LiTiS_2, 〖Li〗_x V〖Se〗_2 (x). =1,2) a pēlā aku, a ma kēia kumu, ua kūkulu ʻia ka 〖Li〗_x V_2 O_5 (0.35≤x<3), LiV_2 O_8 a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. A ua kamaʻāina ka poʻe ʻepekema i nā ʻano kaila 1-dimensional ion (1D), 2-dimensional layered ion intercalation (2D), a me 3-dimensional ion transmission network structures.

ʻO ka noiʻi kaulana loa a Profesor John B. Goodenough ma LiCoO_2 (LCO) i hana ʻia i kēia manawa. Ma 1979, Goodenougd et al. ua hoʻoikaika ʻia e kahi ʻatikala e pili ana i ke ʻano o NaCoO_2 ma 1973 a loaʻa iā LCO a paʻi i kahi ʻatikala patent. Loaʻa i ka LCO kahi ʻano intercalation layered e like me ka transition metal disulfides, kahi e hiki ai ke hoʻokomo hou ʻia nā ion lithium. Inā hoʻopau loa ʻia nā ion lithium, e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻano paʻa paʻa o CoO_2, a hiki ke hoʻokomo hou ʻia me nā ion lithium no ka lithium (ʻOiaʻiʻo, ʻaʻole e ʻae ʻia kahi pākaukau maoli i ka lawe ʻia ʻana o nā ion lithium a pau. e popopo koke ka mana). I ka makahiki 1986, ua hui ʻo Akira Yoshino, ka mea e hana mau ana ma Asahi Kasei Corporation ma Iapana, i nā ʻekolu o ka LCO, coke, a me LiClO_4 PC solution no ka manawa mua, lilo ʻo ia i ka lua lithium-ion hou a lilo i lithium o kēia manawa. ka pākaukau. Ua ʻike koke ʻo Sony i ka patent LCO "maikaʻi" a loaʻa iā ia ka mana e hoʻohana ai. I ka makahiki 1991, ua kūʻai aku ʻo ia i ka pākaukau lithium-ion LCO. Ua ʻike ʻia ka manaʻo o ka pā lithium-ion i kēia manawa, a ke hoʻomau nei kona manaʻo a hiki i kēia lā. (He mea pono e hoʻomaopopo i ka hoʻohana ʻana o nā pākahi lithium-ion mua o Sony a me Akira Yoshino i ke kalapona paʻakikī e like me ka electrode maikaʻi ʻole ma kahi o ka graphite, a ʻo ke kumu he intercalation ka PC ma luna i ka graphite)

ʻO ka electrode maikaʻi: 6C+xe^-+x〖Li〗^+→〖Li〗_x C_6

ʻO ka electrode ʻino: LiCoO_2→〖Li〗_(1-x) CoO_2+x〖Li〗^++xe^-

Ma ka ʻaoʻao ʻē aʻe, i ka makahiki 1978, ua noi ʻo Armand, M. i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka polyethylene glycol (PEO) ma ke ʻano he electrolyte polymer paʻa no ka hoʻoponopono ʻana i ka pilikia ma luna o ka graphite anode i hoʻokomo maʻalahi ʻia i loko o nā molekala PC solvent (ʻo ka electrolyte mainstream i kēlā manawa. hoʻohana i ka PC, DEC mixed solution), nāna i hoʻokomo i ka graphite i loko o ka ʻōnaehana pākaukau lithium no ka manawa mua, a ua hoʻoholo i ka manaʻo o ka ʻaʻa haʻalulu (noho-noho) i ka makahiki e hiki mai ana. Ua hoʻomau ʻia kēlā manaʻo a hiki i kēia manawa. ʻO nā ʻōnaehana electrolyte koʻikoʻi o kēia manawa, e like me ED/DEC, EC/DMC, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, ua ʻike mālie wale ʻia i nā makahiki 1990 a ua hoʻohana ʻia mai ia manawa.

I ka manawa like, ua ʻimi nā ʻepekema ʻepekema i ke ʻano o nā pihi: Li‖Nb〖Se〗_3 ┤ batteries, Li‖V〖SE〗_2 ┤ batteries, Li‖〖Ag〗_2 V_4 ┤ O_11 batteries, Li‖CuO,┤ Li ‖I_2 ┤Batteries, etc., no ka mea, emi ko lakou waiwai i keia manawa, a aole nui na ano noi'i i ole au e hoolauna aku ia lakou.

• Li-ion kele ke kahua

ʻO ke au o ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka pākaukau lithium-ion ma hope o ka makahiki 1991 ʻo ia ke au a mākou e noho nei. Maanei ʻaʻole wau e hōʻuluʻulu i ke kaʻina hana hoʻomohala i nā kikoʻī akā e hoʻolauna pōkole i ka ʻōnaehana kemika o kekahi mau pākahi lithium-ion.

He hoʻolauna i nā ʻōnaehana pākahi lithium-ion o kēia manawa, eia ka ʻāpana aʻe.