Ua lanakila ka pākaukau Lithium i ka 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry!

Hāʻawi ʻia ka 2019 Nobel Prize in Chemistry iā John B. Goodenough, M. Stanley Whittingham, a me Akira Yoshino no kā lākou hāʻawi ʻana i ke kahua o nā pā lithium.

Ke nānā nei i hope i ka 1901-2018 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
I ka makahiki 1901, ʻo Jacobs Henriks Vantov (Netherlands): "Ua ʻike i nā kānāwai o nā kinetics kemika a me ke kaomi osmotic o ka hopena."

1902, Hermann Fischer (Kelemānia): "E hana i ka synthesis o nā kō a me nā purines."

I ka makahiki 1903, Sfant August Arrhenius (Sweden): "Hoʻopuka i ke kumumanaʻo o ka ionization."

I ka makahiki 1904, ua ʻike ʻo Sir William Ramsey (UK): "Ua ʻike ʻo ia i nā mea kinoea hanohano i ka lewa a hoʻoholo i ko lākou kūlana i ka papa manawa o nā mea."

I ka makahiki 1905, ʻo Adolf von Bayer (Kelemānia): "ʻO ka noiʻi ʻana e pili ana i nā mea hoʻonaninani kūlohelohe a me nā pūhui ʻala hydrogenated i hāpai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka kemika kūlohelohe a me ka ʻoihana kemika."

I ka makahiki 1906, ʻo Henry Moissan (Palani): "Ua noiʻi a hoʻokaʻawale i ka fluorine element, a hoʻohana i ka umu uila i kapa ʻia ma hope ona."

1907, Edward Buchner (Kelemānia): "E hana i ka noiʻi biochemical a me ka ʻike ʻana o ka fermentation cell-free."

I ka makahiki 1908, ʻo Ernest Rutherford (UK): "Nā noiʻi no ka hoʻololi ʻana o nā mea a me ka radiochemistry."

1909, Wilhelm Ostwald (Kelemānia): "Ka hana noiʻi e pili ana i ka catalysis a me nā loina kumu o ka equilibrium kemika a me ka nui o ka hopena kemika."

I ka makahiki 1910, ʻo Otto Wallach (Kelemānia): "ʻO ka hana paionia ma ke kahua o nā pūhui alicyclic i hāpai i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka kemika organik a me ka ʻoihana kemika."

I ka makahiki 1911, ua ʻike ʻo Marie Curie (Poland): "ʻike i nā mea o ka radium a me ka polonium, hoʻomaʻemaʻe radium a aʻo i nā waiwai o kēia mea hoʻokūkū a me kāna mau pūhui."

I ka makahiki 1912, Victor Grignard (Palani): "Hoʻokumu i ka Grignard reagent";

Paul Sabatier (Farani): "Hoʻokumu i ke ʻano hydrogenation o nā pūhui organik i mua o ka pauka metala maikaʻi."

I ka makahiki 1913, ʻo Alfred Werner (Switzerland): "Ke aʻo ʻana i nā pili atomika i loko o nā molekala, ʻoi loa ma ke kahua o ka kemika inorganic."

I ka makahiki 1914, ʻo Theodore William Richards (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Ka hoʻoholo pololei o ke kaumaha atomika o kahi helu nui o nā mea kemika."

I ka makahiki 1915, Richard Wilstedt (Kelemānia): "ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā pua puaʻa, ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻana i ka chlorophyll."

I ka makahiki 1916, ʻaʻohe makana i hāʻawi ʻia.

I ka makahiki 1917, ʻaʻohe makana i hāʻawi ʻia.

Ma 1918, Fritz Haber Kelemānia "noiʻi i ka synthesis o ka amonia mai nā mea maʻalahi."

I ka makahiki 1919, ʻaʻohe makana i hāʻawi ʻia.

1920, Walter Nernst (Kelemānia): "Ke aʻo ʻana i ka thermochemistry."

I ka makahiki 1921, Frederick Soddy (UK): "Ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka ʻike o ka poʻe i nā waiwai kemika o nā mea radioactive, a me ke aʻo ʻana i ke kumu a me nā waiwai o nā isotopes."

I ka makahiki 1922, Francis Aston (UK): "Ua ʻike ʻia ka nui o nā isotopes o nā mea non-radioactive me ka hoʻohana ʻana i kahi spectrometer nui, a ua wehewehe ʻia ke kānāwai o nā helu helu."

I ka makahiki 1923, Fritz Pregel (Austria): "Hoʻokumu i ke ʻano microanalysis o nā pūhui organik."

I ka makahiki 1924, ʻaʻohe makana i hāʻawi ʻia.

I ka makahiki 1925, Richard Adolf Sigmund (Kelemānia): "Ua wehewehe ʻo ia i ke ʻano heterogeneous o nā hoʻonā colloidal a hana i nā ʻano analytical pili."

Ma 1926, Teodor Svedberg (Sweden): "E aʻo i nā ʻōnaehana decentralized."

I ka makahiki 1927, Heinrich Otto Wieland (Kelemānia): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā ʻakika bile a me nā mea pili."

1928, Adolf Wendaus (Kelemānia): "E aʻo i ke ʻano o nā steroids a me kā lākou pilina me nā huaora."

Ma 1929, Arthur Harden (UK), Hans von Euler-Cherpin (Kelemānia): "Nā haʻawina e pili ana i ka fermentation o nā sugars a me nā enzymes fermentation."

1930, Hans Fischer (Kelemānia): "ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka haku ʻana o ka heme a me ka chlorophyll, ʻoi aku ka ʻike ʻana i ka synthesis o ka heme."

I ka makahiki 1931, Karl Bosch (Kelemānia), Friedrich Bergius (Kelemānia): "Ka hana ʻana a me ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka ʻenehana kemika kiʻekiʻe."

I ka makahiki 1932, ʻo Irving Lanmere (USA): "Research and Discovery of Surface Chemistry."

I ka makahiki 1933, ʻaʻohe makana i hāʻawi ʻia.

I ka makahiki 1934, ua ʻike ʻo Harold Clayton Yuri (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "ʻike i ka hydrogen kaumaha."

I ka makahiki 1935, Frederic Yorio-Curie (Palani), Irene Yorio-Curie (Palani): "Hoʻohui i nā mea radioactive hou."

1936, Peter Debye (Netherlands): "ʻO ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ke ʻano molekala ma o ke aʻo ʻana i nā manawa dipole a me ka diffraction o nā kukui X a me nā electrons i nā kinoea."

1937, Walter Haworth (UK): "Nā noiʻi no nā Carbohydrates a me ka Vitamin C";

Paul Keller (Switzerland): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā carotenoids, flavin, vitamina A a me ka huaora B2".

1938, Richard Kuhn (Kelemānia): "Nā noiʻi ma nā carotenoids a me nā huaora."

I ka makahiki 1939, ʻo Adolf Butnant (Kelemānia): "Nā noiʻi no nā hormones sex";

Lavoslav Ruzicka (Switzerland): "Nā noiʻi ma polymethylene a me nā terpenes kiʻekiʻe."

I ka makahiki 1940, ʻaʻohe makana i hāʻawi ʻia.

I ka makahiki 1941, ʻaʻohe makana i hāʻawi ʻia.

I ka makahiki 1942, ʻaʻohe makana i hāʻawi ʻia.

I ka makahiki 1943, ʻo George Dehevesi (Hungary): "Hoʻohana ʻia nā isotopes ma ke ʻano he tracers i ke aʻo ʻana i nā kaʻina hana kemika."

I ka makahiki 1944, ʻo Otto Hahn (Kelemānia): "E ʻike i ka fission o ka nuklea kaumaha."

I ka makahiki 1945, ʻo Alturi Ilmari Vertanen (Finland): "Ka noiʻi ʻana a me ka noʻonoʻo ʻana o ka mahiʻai a me ka kemika meaʻai, ʻoi aku ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i nā meaʻai."

I ka makahiki 1946, ʻo James B. Sumner (USA): "Ua ʻike ʻia e hiki ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia nā enzymes";

ʻO John Howard Northrop (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa), Wendell Meredith Stanley (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Hoʻomākaukau i nā enzyme maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe a me nā protein viral."

I ka makahiki 1947, Sir Robert Robinson (UK): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā mea kanu mea kanu koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka alkaloids."

Ma 1948, Arne Tisselius (Sweden): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka electrophoresis a me ka nānā ʻana i ka adsorption, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o nā protein serum."

I ka makahiki 1949, ʻo William Geok (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Nā haʻawina i ke kahua o ka thermodynamics kemika, ʻoi aku ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā mea ma lalo o ka wela haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa."

Ma 1950, ʻo Otto Diels (West Germany), Kurt Alder (West Germany): "ʻike a hoʻomohala i ke ʻano hana synthesis diene."

Ma 1951, Edwin Macmillan (United States), Glenn Theodore Seaborg (United States): "ʻike i nā mea transuranic."

I ka makahiki 1952, ʻo Archer John Porter Martin (UK), Richard Lawrence Millington Singer (UK): "Hoʻokumu i ka chromatography partition."

1953, Hermann Staudinger (West Germany): "Nā ʻimi noiʻi ma ke kahua o ka kemika polymer."

1954, Linus Pauling (USA): "Ke aʻo ʻana i nā waiwai o nā mea paʻa kemika a me kāna hoʻohana ʻana i ka wehewehe ʻana i ke ʻano o nā mea paʻakikī."

I ka makahiki 1955, ʻo Vincent Divinho (USA): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka sulfur-containing compound o ka biochemical koʻikoʻi, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka synthesis o nā hormones peptide no ka manawa mua."

Ma 1956, Cyril Hinshelwood (UK) a me Nikolai Semenov (Soviet Union): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o nā hopena kemika."

1957, Alexander R. Todd (UK): "Ke hana nei i ke aʻo ʻana i nā nucleotides a me nā coenzymes nucleotide."

1958, Frederick Sanger (UK): "ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana o ka protein a me ka hoʻohui ʻana, ʻoi aku ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka insulin."

I ka makahiki 1959, ua ʻike ʻo Jaroslav Herovsky (Czech Republic): "ua ʻike a hoʻomohala i ke ʻano loiloi polarographic."

Ma 1960, Willard Libby (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Hoʻomohala i kahi ala no ka pili ʻana me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka carbon 14 isotope, i hoʻohana nui ʻia i ka archeology, geology, geophysics, a me nā ʻano aʻoaʻo ʻē aʻe."

1961, Melvin Calvin (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka absorption o carbon dioxide e nā mea kanu."

I ka makahiki 1962, ua noiʻi ʻo Max Perutz UK a me John Kendrew UK i ke ʻano o nā protein spherical.

1963, Carl Ziegler (West Germany), Gurio Natta (Italia): "Nā ʻimi noiʻi ma ke kahua o ka kemika polymer a me ka ʻenehana."

I ka makahiki 1964, Dorothy Crawford Hodgkin (UK): "E hoʻohana ana i ka ʻenehana X-ray e kālailai i ke ʻano o kekahi mau mea biochemical koʻikoʻi."

I ka makahiki 1965, ʻo Robert Burns Woodward (USA): "Hoʻokō maikaʻi loa i ka Synthesis Organic."

1966, Robert Mulliken (USA): "Ka noiʻi maʻamau e pili ana i nā mea paʻa kemika a me ke ʻano uila o nā molekala e hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano orbital molecular."

I ka makahiki 1967, Manfred Eigen (West Germany), Ronald George Rayford Norris (UK), George Porter (UK): "E hoʻohana ana i kahi puʻupuʻu ikehu pōkole e kaulike i ka hopena ʻO ke ʻano o ka perturbation, ke aʻo ʻana i nā hopena kemika kiʻekiʻe."

Ma 1968, Lars Onsager (USA): "ʻike i ka pilina pili i kapa ʻia ma hope ona, e kau ana i ke kumu no ka thermodynamics o nā kaʻina hiki ʻole ke hoʻololi ʻia."

Ma 1969, Derek Barton (UK), Odd Hassel (Norway): "Hoʻomohala i ka manaʻo o ka conformation a me kāna noi ʻana i ka kemika."

I ka makahiki 1970, ua ʻike ʻo Luiz Federico Leloire (Argentina): "ʻike i nā nucleotides kō a me kā lākou kuleana i ka biosynthesis o nā carbohydrates."

1971, Gerhard Herzberg (Kanada): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka ʻōnaehana uila a me ka geometry o nā molekala, ʻoi aku nā radical manuahi."

1972, Christian B. Anfinson (United States): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka ribonuclease, ʻoi aku ke aʻo ʻana i ka pilina ma waena o kāna kaʻina amino acid a me ka conformation biologically active";

Stanford Moore (United States), William Howard Stein (United States): "E aʻo i ka pilina ma waena o ka hana catalytic o ke kikowaena ikaika o ka mole ribonuclease a me kona ʻano kemika."

I ka makahiki 1973, ʻo Ernst Otto Fischer (West Germany) a me Jeffrey Wilkinson (UK): "Ka noiʻi paionia e pili ana i nā waiwai kemika o nā pūhui metala-organic, i ʻike ʻia hoʻi he pūhui sandwich."

1974, Paul Flory (USA): "Ka noiʻi kumu ma ke kumumanaʻo a me ka hoʻokolohua o ka polymer physical chemistry."

1975, John Conforth (UK): "E aʻo i ka stereochemistry o nā hopena enzyme-catalyzed."

ʻO Vladimir Prelog (Switzerland): "E aʻo i ka stereochemistry o nā molekala organik a me nā hopena";

1976, William Lipscomb (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Ua wehewehe ke aʻo ʻana i ke ʻano o ka borane i ka pilikia o ka hoʻopili kemika."

I ka makahiki 1977, ʻo Ilya Prigogine (Belgium): "Ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka thermodynamics non-equilibrium, ʻoi aku ka manaʻo o ka dissipative structure."

I ka makahiki 1978, ʻo Peter Mitchell (UK): "E hoʻohana ana i ke ʻano kumuhana o ka hoʻoheheʻe kemika e kōkua i ka hoʻomaopopo ʻana i ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka ikehu biological."

I ka makahiki 1979, ʻo Herbert Brown (USA) a me Georg Wittig (West Germany): "Hoʻomohala ʻia nā pūhui boron a me ka phosphorus ma ke ʻano he reagents koʻikoʻi i ka synthesis organik, kēlā me kēia."

I ka makahiki 1980, ʻo Paul Berg (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i ka biochemistry o nā waikawa nucleic, ʻoi aku ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka DNA recombinant";

ʻO Walter Gilbert (US), Frederick Sanger (UK): "ʻO nā ala no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i nā ʻano kumu o ka DNA ma nā Nucleic Acids."

I ka makahiki 1981, ʻo Kenichi Fukui (Iapana) a me Rod Hoffman (USA): "E wehewehe i ka hiki ʻana mai o nā hopena kemika ma o kā lākou hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa o nā manaʻo."

Ma 1982, Aaron Kluger (UK): "Hoʻomohala i ka microscopy electron crystal a aʻo i ke ʻano o nā paʻakikī nucleic acid-protein me ke koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi koʻikoʻi."

I ka makahiki 1983, ʻo Henry Taub (USA): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka electron hoʻololi ʻoi loa i nā paʻakikī metala."

I ka makahiki 1984, ʻo Robert Bruce Merrifield (USA): "Hoʻomohala i kahi ʻano hana hoʻohui kemika paʻa."

Ma 1985, Herbert Hauptman (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa), Jerome Carr (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Nā hoʻokō koʻikoʻi i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ala pololei no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka ʻano kristal."

Ma 1986, Dudley Hirschbach (United States), Li Yuanzhe (United States), John Charles Polanyi (Kanada): "Haʻawi i ke aʻo ʻana i ke kaʻina hana kinetic o nā hopena kemika elementary."

I ka makahiki 1987, ʻo Donald Kramm (United States), Jean-Marie Lane (France), Charles Pedersen (United States): "Hoʻomohala a hoʻohana i nā molekala hiki ke koho nui i nā pilina pili pili."

I ka makahiki 1988, ʻo John Dysenhofer (West Germany), Robert Huber (West Germany), Hartmut Michel (West Germany): "Ka hoʻoholo ʻana o ke ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional o ke kikowaena hopena photosynthetic."

Ma 1989, Sydney Altman (Kanada), Thomas Cech (USA): "ʻike i nā waiwai catalytic o RNA."

I ka makahiki 1990, ʻo Elias James Corey (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Hoʻomohala i ke kumumanaʻo a me ke ʻano o ka synthesis organik."

1991, Richard Ernst (Switzerland): "Ka hāʻawi ʻana i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i nā ʻano spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) kiʻekiʻe."

I ka makahiki 1992, ʻo Rudolph Marcus (USA): "Ka hāʻawi ʻana i ke kumumanaʻo o ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka electron i nā ʻōnaehana kemika."

I ka makahiki 1993, Kelly Mullis (USA): "Hoʻomohala i nā ʻano noiʻi kemika e pili ana i ka DNA a hoʻomohala i ka hopena polymerase chain reaction (PCR)";

Michael Smith (Kanada): "Hoʻomohala i nā ʻano noiʻi kemika e pili ana i ka DNA, a ua hāʻawi i ka hoʻokumu ʻana i ka mutagenesis i hoʻokumu ʻia i ka pae o ka oligonucleotide a me kāna kōkua nui i ka hoʻomohala ʻana i ka noiʻi protein."

I ka makahiki 1994, ʻo George Andrew Euler (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Nā haʻawina i ka noiʻi ʻana o ka kemika carbocation."

Ma 1995, Paul Crutzen (Netherlands), Mario Molina (US), Frank Sherwood Rowland (US): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ka kemika o ka lewa, ʻoi aku ka noiʻi ʻana i ka hoʻokumu ʻana a me ka decomposition o ka ozone."

1996 Robert Cole (United States), Harold Kroto (United Kingdom), Richard Smalley (United States): "E ʻike i ka fullerene."

I ka makahiki 1997, Paul Boyer (USA), John Walker (UK), Jens Christian Sko (Denmark): "Hoʻomaʻamaʻa i ka mīkini catalytic enzymatic i ka synthesis o adenosine triphosphate (ATP)."

I ka makahiki 1998, ʻo Walter Cohen (USA): "hoʻokumu ʻia ka manaʻo hoʻokō density";

ʻO John Pope (UK): Hoʻomohala ʻia nā ʻano helu helu ma ke kemika quantum.

I ka makahiki 1999, ʻo Yamid Ziwell (ʻAigupita): "E aʻo i nā kūlana hoʻololi o nā hopena kemika me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectroscopy femtosecond."

Ma 2000, Alan Haig (United States), McDelmead (United States), Hideki Shirakawa (Iapana): "ʻike a hoʻomohala i nā polymers conductive."

Ma 2001, ʻo William Standish Knowles (US) a me Noyori Ryoji (Iapana): "Ka noiʻi no ka Chiral Catalytic Hydrogenation";

Barry Sharpless (USA): "E aʻo i ka Chiral Catalytic Oxidation."

Ma 2002, John Bennett Finn (USA) a me Koichi Tanaka (Iapana): "Hoʻomohala i nā ʻano no ka ʻike ʻana a me ka hoʻolālā ʻana o nā macromolecules biological, a hoʻokumu i kahi ʻano ionization desorption palupalu no ka nānā ʻana o ka spectrometry nui o nā macromolecules biological" ;

Kurt Wittrich (Switzerland): "Hoʻomohala i nā ʻano no ka ʻike ʻana a me ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano o nā macromolecules biological, a ua hoʻokumu i kahi ala no ka nānā ʻana i ke ʻano ʻekolu-dimensional o nā macromolecules biological i ka hopena ma o ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka spectroscopy nuclear magnetic resonance."

I ka makahiki 2003, ʻo Peter Agre (USA): "ʻO ke aʻo ʻana o nā kaila ion i nā membrane cell i loaʻa nā kahawai wai";

ʻO Roderick McKinnon (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "ʻO ke aʻo ʻana i nā kaila ion i loko o nā membrane cell, ke aʻo ʻana i ka hoʻolālā ʻana o ka ion channel a me ka mīkini."

Ma 2004, Aaron Chehanovo (Israel), Avram Hershko (Israel), Owen Ross (US): "ʻike i ka ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation."

Ma 2005, Yves Chauvin (Farani), Robert Grubb (US), Richard Schrock (US): "Hoʻomohala i ke ʻano o ka metathesis i ka synthesis organik."

I ka makahiki 2006, ʻo Roger Kornberg (USA): "Nā noiʻi ma ka molecular kumu o ka eukaryotic transcription."

2007, Gerhard Eter (Kelemānia): "Nā noiʻi no ke kaʻina hana kemika o nā ʻili paʻa."

Ma 2008, Shimomura Osamu (Iapana), Martin Chalfie (United States), Qian Yongjian (United States): "Ua ʻike ʻia a hoʻololi ʻia ka protein fluorescent green (GFP)."

Ma 2009, Venkatraman Ramakrishnan (UK), Thomas Steitz (USA), Ada Jonat (Israel): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i ke ʻano a me ka hana o nā ribosomes."

2010 Richard Heck (USA), Negishi (Iapana), Suzuki Akira (Iapana): "Nā noiʻi ma Palladium-catalyzed Coupling Reaction in Organic Synthesis."

Ma 2011, Daniel Shechtman (ʻIseraʻela): "ʻO ka loaʻa ʻana o nā quasicrystals."

I ka makahiki 2012, ʻo Robert Lefkowitz, ʻo Bryan Kebirka (ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): "Nā noiʻi e pili ana i nā mea hoʻokipa G protein-coupled."

Ma 2013, Martin Capras (United States), Michael Levitt (United Kingdom), Yale Vachel: Hoʻolālā ʻia nā hiʻohiʻona nui no nā ʻōnaehana kemika paʻakikī.

Ma 2014, Eric Bezig (United States), Stefan W. Hull (Kelemānia), William Esko Molnar (United States): Achievements in the field of super-resolution fluorescence microscopy Achievement.

Ma 2015, ʻo Thomas Lindahl (Sweden), Paul Modric (USA), ʻo Aziz Sanjar (Turkey): No ka noiʻi ʻana i ka mīkini kelepona o ka hoʻoponopono DNA.

Ma 2016, ʻo Jean-Pierre Sova (Palani), James Fraser Stuart (UK / US), Bernard Felinga (Netherlands): Hoʻolālā a hoʻohui ʻia o nā mīkini mole.

Ma 2017, ʻo Jacques Dubochet (Switzerland), ʻo Achim Frank (Kelemānia), ʻo Richard Henderson (UK): hoʻomohala i nā microscopes cryo-electron no ka hoʻoholo ʻana i ka hoʻolālā kiʻekiʻe o nā biomolecules i ka hopena.

ʻO ka hapalua o nā makana 2018 i hāʻawi ʻia i ka ʻepekema ʻAmelika ʻo Frances H. Arnold (Frances H. Arnold) i ka ʻike ʻana i kona ʻike ʻana i ka evolution kuhikuhi o nā enzymes; ʻO ka hapa ʻē aʻe i hāʻawi ʻia i nā ʻepekema ʻAmelika (George P. Smith) a me ka ʻepekema Pelekane ʻo Gregory P. Winter (Gregory P. Winter) i ka mahalo Ua ʻike lākou i ka ʻenehana hōʻike phage o nā peptides a me nā antibodies.