ʻO ka nānā ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kalepa

ʻO ka ikehu hou he ʻāpana koʻikoʻi o ka hoʻolālā lōʻihi no ka neutrality kalapona. ʻAʻohe o ka controllable nuclear fusion, space mining, a me ka hoʻomohala nui ʻana o nā kumuwaiwai hydropower i loaʻa ʻole kahi ala kalepa i ka wā pōkole, ʻo ka makani makani, a me ka ikehu lā ka mea i hoʻohiki ʻia i kēia manawa. Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia lākou e ka makani a me nā kumuwaiwai māmā. He mea nui ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu no ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka ikehu e hiki mai ana. ʻO kēia ʻatikala a me nā ʻatikala e pili ana i nā ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ikehu kalepa nui, e kālele ana i nā hihia hoʻokō.

I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ʻo ke kūkulu wikiwiki ʻana o nā ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu ua lilo kekahi mau ʻikepili i hala i mea kōkua ʻole, e like me "ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ikehu ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia i ka lua me ka nui o ka mana o 440MW, a ʻo nā pākaʻi sodium-sulfur i ke kolu, me ka nui o ka hiki. o 440 MW. 316MW" a pēlā aku, ʻo ka nūhou i kau inoa ai ʻo Huawei i ka "nui" o ka honua e mālama i ka ikehu papahana me 1300MWh. Eia nō naʻe, e like me ka ʻikepili i loaʻa, ʻaʻole ʻo 1300MWh ka papahana mālama ikehu koʻikoʻi ma ka honua. ʻO ka pāhana hoʻopaʻa ikehu nui ma waena o ka hale mālama pumped. No nā ʻenehana mālama ikehu kino e like me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu paʻakai, ma ke ʻano o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical, ʻaʻole ʻo 1300MWh ka papahana koʻikoʻi loa (ʻo ia paha kahi mea o ka helu helu helu). ʻO ka mana o kēia manawa o Moss Landing Energy Storage Center ua hiki i 1600MWh (me 1200MWh i ka lua o ka hana, 400MWh i ka lua o ka hana). Eia nō naʻe, ua ʻike ʻo Huawei i ka ʻoihana mālama mālama i ke kahua.

I kēia manawa, hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā ʻenehana mālama ʻenehana a me nā ʻenehana i loko o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu mechanical, ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu wela, ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu uila, ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kemika, a me ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical. He ʻano like nō ka physics a me ke kemika, no laila e hoʻokaʻawale iā lākou e like me ka manaʻo o ko mākou poʻe mua i kēia manawa.

1. Ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu mīkini / mālama wela a me ka mālama anu

Pumi waihona

ʻElua mau waihona o luna a me lalo, e hoʻoheheʻe ana i ka wai i ka waihona o luna i ka wā e mālama ai i ka ikehu a me ka hoʻokahe wai i ka waihona haʻahaʻa i ka wā o ka hana mana. Oo ka 'enehana. Ma ka hopena o 2020, ʻo 159 miliona kilowatts ka nui o ka honua i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka mana mālama mālama, e helu ana no 94% o ka nui o ka hiki ke mālama i ka ikehu. I kēia manawa, ua hoʻokomo koʻu ʻāina i ka hana he 32.49 miliona kilowatts o nā hale mana hoʻopaʻa paʻa; ʻO 55.13 miliona kilowatts ka paona piha o nā hale mana mālama pahū. ʻO ka pālākiō o nā mea i kūkulu ʻia a i lalo o ke kūkulu ʻia ke kūlana mua ma ka honua. Hiki i ka mana hoʻokomo o ka mana hoʻopaʻa ikehu ke hiki i nā tausani MW, hiki i ka hana mana makahiki ke piʻi i nā piliona kWh, a hiki ke hoʻomaka ka wikiwiki ʻeleʻele ma ke kauoha o kekahi mau minuke. I kēia manawa, ʻo ka mana nui o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu e hana ana ma Kina, ʻo Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station, he 3.6 miliona kilowatts a me ka mana o ka mana o 6.6 biliona kWh (hiki ke komo i ka 8.8 biliona kWh o ka mana nui. me ka pono o kahi o 75%). ʻO ka manawa hoʻomaka ʻeleʻele 3-5 mau minuke. ʻOiai ke manaʻo ʻia nei nā hemahema o ke koho ʻana i kahi kahua, ka pōʻai kālā lōʻihi, a me ka hoʻopukapuka nui, ʻo ia nō ka ʻenehana ʻoi loa, ka hana palekana, a me ke kumu kūʻai haʻahaʻa e mālama ai i ka ikehu. Ua hoʻokuʻu ka National Energy Administration i ka Medium and Long-Term Development Plan for Pumped Storage (2021-2035).

Ma ka 2025, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka nui o ka hana ʻana o ka mālama ʻana i ka paila ma mua o 62 miliona kilowatts; ma ka 2030, ʻo ka nui o ka hana ʻana ma kahi o 120 miliona kilowatts; ma ka makahiki 2035, e hoʻokumu ʻia kahi ʻoihana hoʻopaʻa wai hou e kū ana i nā pono o ka hoʻomohala kiʻekiʻe a me ka ulu nui o ka ikehu hou.

Hebei Fengning Pumped Storage Power Station - Waihona Haʻahaʻa

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ea paʻa:

Ke haʻahaʻa ka haʻahaʻa uila, hoʻopili ʻia ka ea a mālama ʻia e ka uila (maʻa mau i loko o nā ana paʻakai ma lalo o ka honua, nā ana kūlohelohe, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe). Ke piʻi ka hoʻohana uila, hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka ea kiʻekiʻe e hoʻokele i ka mīkini hana e hoʻohua ai i ka uila.

hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ikehu ea

Manaʻo ʻia ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ea i hoʻopaʻa ʻia ʻo ia ka lua o ka ʻenehana kūpono loa no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu nui nui GW ma hope o ka mālama ʻana i ka paila. Eia nō naʻe, ua kaupalena ʻia e kāna mau kūlana koho pūnaewele ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, ke kumukūʻai kiʻekiʻe o ka hoʻopukapuka kālā, a me ka maikaʻi o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ma mua o ka mālama ʻana i ka pumped. Haʻahaʻa, lohi ka holomua pāʻoihana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ea compressed. A hiki i Sepatemaba o kēia makahiki (2021), ka papahana hoʻopaʻa ikehu ea nui mua o koʻu ʻāina - ʻo Jiangsu Jintan Salt Cave Compressed Air Energy Storage National Test Demonstration Project, ua hoʻopili ʻia i ka pā. ʻO 60MW ka mana i hoʻokomo ʻia o ka pae mua o ka papahana, a ʻo ka hoʻololi ʻana o ka mana ma kahi o 60%; hiki i ka 1000MW ke kūkulu hale lōʻihi o ka papahana. I ʻOkakopa 2021, ua hoʻopili ʻia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻolaʻa ikehu hoʻoheheʻe mua 10 MW i hoʻomohala kūʻokoʻa e koʻu ʻāina i ka mākia ma Bijie, Guizhou. Hiki iā ia ke ʻōlelo i ka hoʻomaka ʻana o ke ala kalepa o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ea compact, akā ke hoʻohiki nei ka wā e hiki mai ana.

ʻO Jintan ka papahana mālama ikehu ea.

E mālama i ka ikehu paʻakai hehee:

ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia, hui pū ʻia me ka hana mana wela o ka lā, hoʻopaʻa i ka lā a mālama i ka wela i ka paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe. I ka hana ʻana i ka uila, hoʻohana ʻia ka wela paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia e hana i ka uila, a ʻo ka hapa nui o lākou e hoʻohua i ka mahu e hoʻokele i ka turbine generator.

waihona mehana paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe

Ua hoʻōho lākou iā Hi-Tech Dunhuang 100MW hoʻoheheʻe ʻia i ka hale kiaʻi paʻakai hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ma ka hale mana wela o ka lā ma Kina. Ua hoʻomaka ka hana ʻo Delingha 135 MW CSP me kahi mana nui i hoʻokomo ʻia. Hiki i kona manawa mālama ikehu ke hiki i 11 mau hola. ʻO ka huina kālā o ka papahana he 3.126 biliona yuan. Hoʻolālā ʻia e hoʻopili pono ʻia i ka pahu ma mua o Kepakemapa 30, 2022, a hiki iā ia ke hoʻoulu ma kahi o 435 miliona kWh o ka uila i kēlā me kēia makahiki.

Dunhuang CSP Station

ʻO nā ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ikehu kino e pili ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu flywheel, ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu mālama anuanu, etc.

2. E mālama i ka ikehu uila:

Supercapacitor: Ua kaupalena ʻia e kona haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu (e nānā i lalo) a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana iā ia iho, i kēia manawa ke hoʻohana wale ʻia i loko o kahi ʻano liʻiliʻi o ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana i ka ikehu kaʻa, kahi kahiki kiʻekiʻe koke, a me ka hoʻopiha ʻana i ke awāwa. ʻO nā noi maʻamau ʻo Shanghai Yangshan Deepwater Port, kahi 23 cranes e hoʻopilikia nui i ka pā mana. No ka hōʻemi ʻana i ka hopena o nā cranes ma ka pā mana, ua hoʻokomo ʻia kahi ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu supercapacitor 3MW/17.2KWh ma ke ʻano he kumu hoʻihoʻi, hiki ke hāʻawi mau i kahi lako uila 20s.

Superconducting ikehu waihona: waihoia

3. E mālama i ka ikehu electrochemical:

Hoʻokaʻawale kēia ʻatikala i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu electrochemical pāʻoihana i loko o kēia mau ʻāpana:

Lead-acid, kepau kalapona

pākaukau kahe

ʻO nā ʻōhua metala-ion, me nā pākahi lithium-ion, nā ʻona sodium-ion, etc.

Nā Bateri Metala-Sulfur/Oxygen/Ea

kekahi

Lead-acid a me ke lead-carbon batteries: Ma ke ano he ikehu oo no ka hoahu ana, ua hoohana nui ia na paani lead-acid i ka hoomaka ana o ke kaa, ka lako mana no ke kama'ilio kahua kahua mana, etc. doped me nā mea kalapona, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i ka pilikia o ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana. Wahi a ka Tianneng's 2020 hōʻike makahiki, ʻo ka State Grid Zhicheng (Jinling Substation) 12MW/48MWh lead-carbon energy storage project i hoʻopau ʻia e ka hui ʻo ia ka super-nui nui lead-carbon energy storage station ma Zhejiang Province a me ka ʻāina holoʻokoʻa.

ʻO ka pila kahe: ʻO ka pākaukau kahe ka mea maʻamau i ka wai i mālama ʻia i loko o kahi pahu e kahe ana ma nā electrodes. Hoʻopau ʻia ka uku a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana ma o ka membrane hoʻololi ion; e nānā i ke kiʻi ma lalo.

Hoʻolālā pākaukau kahe

Ma ke kuhikuhi ʻana i ka pākaukau holo vanadium holoʻokoʻa, ʻo ka Guodian Longyuan, 5MW/10MWh papahana, i hoʻopau ʻia e ka Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics a me Dalian Rongke Energy Storage, ʻo ia ka ʻōnaehana hoʻopaʻa ikehu pākaukau holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa holoʻokoʻa. honua i kēlā manawa, i kēia manawa e kūkulu ʻia nei ʻO ka nui o ka nui o ka all-vanadium redox kahe ʻana o ka ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu hiki i 200MW/800MWh.

ʻO ka pākaukau metala-ion: ka ʻenehana hoʻopaʻa ikehu electrochemical e ulu wikiwiki a hoʻohana nui ʻia. Ma waena o lākou, hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā pā lithium-ion i nā mea kūʻai uila, nā pihi mana, a me nā māla ʻē aʻe, a ke hoʻonui nei kā lākou noi i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu. Me nā papahana Huawei i hana mua ʻia e hoʻohana ana i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu pākaukau lithium-ion, ʻo ka nui loa o ka pāhana hoʻopaʻa uila lithium-ion i kūkulu ʻia a hiki i kēia manawa ʻo ka Moss Landing hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka ikehu waihona nona ka Phase I 300MW/1200MWh a me ka Phase II 100MW/400MWh, a huina o 400MW/1600MWh.

Pahu lithium-Ion

Ma muli o ka palena o ka hiki ke hana lithium a me ke kumukūʻai, ke hoʻololi nei i nā ion sodium me ka haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa o ka ikehu akā ua manaʻo ʻia ka nui o nā mālama e hōʻemi i ke kumukūʻai ua lilo i ala hoʻomohala no nā pā lithium-ion. ʻO kāna kumu a me nā mea mua e like me nā pā lithium-ion, akā ʻaʻole ia i hana ʻia ma kahi ʻano nui. , ʻo ka ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu pākī sodium-ion i hoʻokomo ʻia i loko o nā hōʻike e kū nei ua ʻike wale ʻia kahi pālākiō o 1MWh.

Loaʻa i nā ʻāpana alumini-ion nā hiʻohiʻona o ka mana theoretical kiʻekiʻe a me ka nui o nā mālama. He kuhikuhi noiʻi nō hoʻi ia no ka hoʻololi ʻana i nā pākahi lithium-ion, akā ʻaʻohe ala ʻoihana kūʻai maopopo. ʻO kahi hui India i kaulana i kēia manawa ua hoʻolaha ʻo ia e kūʻai aku i ka hana ʻana i nā pihi alumini-ion i ka makahiki aʻe a e kūkulu i kahi ʻāpana mālama ikehu 10MW. E kali kakou a nana.

kali a ʻike

Hiki ke hoʻokuʻu hou ʻia nā pahu metala-sulfur/oxygen/air: me ka lithium-sulfur, lithium-oxygen/air, sodium-sulfur, rechargeable aluminum-air batteries, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe, me ka ʻoi aku o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe ma mua o nā pihi ion. ʻO ka ʻelele o kēia manawa o ka hoʻolaha ʻana ʻo ia nā pākahi sodium-sulfur. ʻO NGK ka mea hoʻolako nui i nā ʻōnaehana pākaukau sodium-sulfur. ʻO ka pālākiō nui i hoʻokomo ʻia i ka hana he 108MW/648MWh sodium-sulfur ʻōnaehana mālama ikehu ma United Arab Emirates.

4. Ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kemika: He mau makahiki i hala aku nei, ua kākau ʻo Schrödinger e pili ana ke ola i ka loaʻa ʻana o ka entropy maikaʻi ʻole. Akā inā ʻaʻole ʻoe e hilinaʻi i ka ikehu o waho, e piʻi aʻe ka entropy, no laila pono ke ola i ka mana. ʻIke ke ola i kona ala, a no ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu, hoʻololi nā mea kanu i ka ikehu lā i ikehu kemika i loko o ka mea ola ma o photosynthesis. He koho maʻamau ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kemika mai kinohi mai. ʻO ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu kemika he ʻano hoʻopaʻa ikehu koʻikoʻi no nā kānaka mai ka wā i hana ai i nā volts i nā ʻaukā uila. Eia nō naʻe, ua hoʻomaka ka hoʻohana pāʻoihana o ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu nui.

Waihona Hydrogen, methanol, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe: Loaʻa i ka ikehu hydrogen nā mea maikaʻi loa o ka nui o ka ikehu kiʻekiʻe, ka maʻemaʻe, a me ka pale ʻana i ke kaiapuni a ua manaʻo nui ʻia he kumu ikehu kūpono i ka wā e hiki mai ana. ʻO ke ala o ka hana ʻana o ka hydrogen → mālama ʻia ka wai → ka pahu wahie ke hele nei. I kēia manawa, ua kūkulu ʻia ma mua o 100 mau hale hoʻoheheʻe hydrogen ma koʻu ʻāina, e hoʻokūkū ana ma waena o ka poʻokela o ka honua, me ka hale hoʻoheheʻe hydrogen nui loa o ka honua ma Beijing. Eia nō naʻe, ma muli o ka palena o ka ʻenehana mālama hydrogen a me ka pilikia o kahi pahū hydrogen, ʻo ka mālama ʻana i ka hydrogen indirect i hōʻike ʻia e ka methanol paha he ala koʻikoʻi no ka ikehu o ka wā e hiki mai ana, e like me ka ʻenehana "liquid sun" o ka hui o Li Can ma ka Dalian Institute. o ke Kemika, Ke Kula Kaiapuni o Kina.

Metala-ea kumu mua: hōʻike ʻia e nā ʻenekini alumini-ea me ka nui o ka ikehu theoretical kiʻekiʻe, akā ʻaʻole liʻiliʻi ka holomua ma ke kālepa. ʻO Phinergy, kahi hui ʻelele i ʻōlelo ʻia i loko o nā hōʻike he nui, ua hoʻohana ʻo Phinergy i nā pihi ea alumini no kāna mau kaʻa. Hoʻokahi kaukani mile, ʻo ka hopena alakaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka ikehu ka rechargeable zinc-air batteries.